Contents

Causes

Symptoms

Exams and Tests

Treatment

Outlook (Prognosis)

Possible Complications

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Prevention

Agammaglobulinemia is an inherited disorder in which a person has very low levels of protective immune system proteins called immunoglobulins. Immunoglobulins are a type of antibody. Low levels of these antibodies make you more likely to get infections.

Causes

This is a rare disorder that mainly affects males. It is caused by a gene defect that blocks the growth of normal, mature immune cells called B lymphocytes.

As a result, the body makes very little (if any) immunoglobulins. Immunoglobulins play a major role in the immune response, which protects against illness and infection.

People with this disorder develop infections again and again. Common infections include ones that are due to bacteria such as Haemophilus influenzae, pneumococci (Streptococcus pneumoniae), and staphylococci. Common sites of infection include:

• Gastrointestinal tract

• Joints

• Lungs

• Skin

• Upper respiratory tract

Agammaglobulinemia is inherited, which means other people in your family may have the condition.

Symptoms

Symptoms include frequent episodes of:

• Bronchitis (airway infection)

• Chronic diarrhea

• Conjunctivitis (eye infection)

• Otitis media (middle ear infection)

• Pneumonia (lung infection)

• Sinusitis (sinus infection)

• Skin infections

• Upper respiratory tract infections

Infections typically appear in the first 4 years of life.

Other symptoms include:

• Bronchiectasis (a disease in which the small air sacs in the lungs become damaged and enlarged)

• Asthma without a known cause

Exams and Tests

The disorder is confirmed by blood tests that measure levels of immunoglobulins.

Tests include:

• Flow cytometry to measure circulating B lymphocytes

• Immunoelectrophoresis - serum

• Quantitative immunoglobulins - IgG, IgA, IgM (usually measured by nephelometry)

Treatment

Treatment involves taking steps to reduce the number and severity of infections. Antibiotics are often needed to treat bacterial infections.

Immunoglobulins are given through a vein or by injection to boost the immune system.

A bone marrow transplant may be considered.

Outlook (Prognosis)

Treatment with immunoglobulins has greatly improved the health of those who have this disorder.

Without treatment, most severe infections are deadly.

Possible Complications

Health problems that may result include:

• Arthritis

• Chronic sinus or pulmonary disease

• Eczema

• Intestinal malabsorption syndromes

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Call for an appointment with your health care provider if:

• You or your child has experienced frequent infections.

• You have a family history of agammaglobulinemia or another immunodeficiency disorder and you are planning to have children. Ask the provider about genetic counseling.

Prevention

Genetic counseling should be offered to prospective parents with a family history of agammaglobulinemia or other immunodeficiency disorders.